History (H) GE – 1

Delhi Through the Ages

unit – 2, Understanding the 10th and 14th Century Cities of Delhi, Part – 3

Siri

In this post, notes of Unit 2: (Understanding the 10th and 14th Century Cities of Delhi– Siri) from GE-1: (Delhi through Ages) are given which is helpful for the students doing graduation this year.

Establishment and growth of Siri as a city

Siri was a medieval city located in present-day Delhi, India. Its history spans from the 10th to the 14th century, during which it experienced significant establishment and growth. Here’s a detailed overview:

1. 10th Century: Early Settlements
   In the 10th century, the region where Siri would later be established was likely inhabited by various communities, possibly including settlements of the Tomara dynasty, who ruled parts of Delhi during this time. These settlements were primarily agrarian in nature, with farming being the main occupation of the inhabitants.
2. 12th Century: Rise of the Slave Dynasty
   In the early 12th century, the Slave Dynasty, of Turkish origin, established control over parts of Northern India, including Delhi. This marked the beginning of significant political changes in the region. The Slave Dynasty laid the foundations for Delhi as a major center of power in the Indian subcontinent.
3. 13th Century: Construction of Siri by Alauddin Khalji
   The most significant development in the establishment of Siri occurred in the 13th century. Sultan Alauddin Khalji, the second ruler of the Khalji dynasty, founded Siri in 1303 as a fortified city adjacent to the existing city of Delhi. He established it as his new capital, primarily for strategic and defensive reasons. Siri was designed to be a formidable fortress city, with thick walls and bastions to protect against invasions.
4. Strategic Importance and Growth
   Siri’s strategic location, situated on the banks of the Yamuna River and in close proximity to the older city of Delhi, contributed to its rapid growth. The city became a center of administration, trade, and culture under Alauddin Khalji’s rule. Its proximity to the Mughal trading routes further facilitated its growth as a commercial hub.
5. Urban Development and Architecture
   Urban development within Siri was carefully planned, with wide streets, markets, mosques, and palaces constructed to accommodate the growing population. The architecture of Siri reflected a blend of Islamic and Indian influences, with prominent structures such as the Siri Fort and the Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque showcasing the architectural prowess of the time.
6. Economic Prosperity
   Siri’s location along trade routes, coupled with supportive policies of the Khalji rulers, led to economic prosperity. The city became known for its markets, where goods from across the Indian subcontinent and beyond were traded. Craftspeople, artisans, and merchants flocked to Siri, contributing to its vibrant economy.
7. 14th Century: Decline and Abandonment
   Despite its initial prosperity, Siri began to decline in the 14th century. The rise of the Tughlaq dynasty saw the shifting of the capital back to Delhi, and subsequent rulers focused more on the older city. Additionally, the invasions of Timur in the late 14th century dealt a severe blow to Siri, leading to its eventual abandonment.

Overall, Siri’s establishment and growth in the 10th to 14th centuries represent a significant chapter in the history of Delhi and the Indian subcontinent, highlighting the dynamic interactions between political, economic, and cultural forces during the medieval period.

Urban planning, fortifications, and residential areas

The urban planning, fortifications, and residential areas of Siri, the medieval city of Delhi, were integral to its development and organization. Here’s a detailed overview of each aspect:

Urban Planning of SIRI:

• Layout: Siri was meticulously planned with wide streets, well-organized markets, and residential quarters. The city was designed on a grid pattern, with straight roads intersecting at right angles, facilitating easy movement within the city.
• Central Axis: The city’s layout often featured a central axis, which connected important landmarks such as the royal palace, markets, and religious centers. This axis served as the main thoroughfare of the city and symbolized its political and cultural significance.
• Public Spaces: Siri boasted spacious public squares and open areas where people could gather for social, religious, and commercial activities. These public spaces often featured fountains, gardens, and pavilions, adding to the city’s aesthetic appeal.

Fortifications SIRI:

• Siri Fort: The most prominent fortification in Siri was the Siri Fort, constructed by Sultan Alauddin Khalji to defend the city against potential invasions. The fort was strategically located and featured thick walls, bastions, and towers, making it a formidable stronghold.
• Walls and Gates: Surrounding the city were high walls built of stone and brick, punctuated by gates that served as entry points. These walls were fortified with battlements and towers at regular intervals to enhance defense capabilities.
• Moat: Some accounts suggest that Siri was surrounded by a moat, adding an additional layer of defense against enemy attacks. The moat would have made it difficult for invaders to approach the city walls directly.

Residential Areas:

• Royal Quarters: Within Siri, there were designated areas for the royal palace and residences of the ruling elite. These areas were often located close to the center of the city, reflecting the political and social hierarchy of the time.
• Merchant Quarters: Alongside the royal quarters, there were residential areas inhabited by merchants, artisans, and traders. These neighborhoods were characterized by bustling markets, workshops, and commercial establishments.
• Commoner Dwellings: The majority of Siri’s population lived in modest dwellings scattered throughout the city. These residences varied in size and construction materials, ranging from simple mud-brick houses to more elaborate structures made of stone and wood.

Overall, the urban planning, fortifications, and residential areas of Siri were designed to promote efficient governance, provide security, and accommodate the diverse needs of its inhabitants. The city’s layout and architectural features reflect the ingenuity and vision of its builders, making it a testament to the urban development of medieval India.

Interaction with other contemporary cities

Siri, as a prominent medieval city, interacted with various other contemporary cities through trade, diplomacy, cultural exchange, and occasionally conflict. Here’s a detailed overview of its interactions with some notable cities of its time:

Delhi (Old City):

• Siri’s relationship with the older city of Delhi was complex. While Siri was established as a new capital by Sultan Alauddin Khalji, the old city continued to hold historical and cultural significance.
• Despite being separate entities, the two cities were closely linked economically and administratively. Trade routes passed through both cities, connecting them to different regions of the Indian subcontinent and beyond.
• Over time, political power shifted between the two cities as different dynasties rose to prominence. While Siri served as the capital during the Khalji dynasty, subsequent rulers often favored the older city for various reasons.

Agra:

• Agra, situated in present-day Uttar Pradesh, was another significant city during Siri’s time. It served as the capital of the Delhi Sultanate under various rulers, including Sikandar Lodi and the Mughals.
• Siri likely had trade relations with Agra due to their geographical proximity and shared status as administrative and commercial centers.
• Additionally, Agra’s strategic location along the Yamuna River made it a crucial node in the regional transportation network, further facilitating interactions with Siri and other cities.

Multan:

• Multan, located in present-day Pakistan, was a major trading center and cultural hub during Siri’s era. It was renowned for its cotton and silk textiles, which were highly sought after in markets across South Asia.
• Siri likely engaged in trade with Multan, importing textiles, spices, and other goods from the region. Multan’s merchants would have also benefited from access to Siri’s markets and affluent clientele.

Lahore:

• Lahore, situated in present-day Pakistan, was an important city under various dynasties, including the Ghaznavids and the Delhi Sultanate.
• Siri and Lahore likely maintained trade relations, exchanging goods such as textiles, metals, and agricultural produce. Lahore’s strategic location on the Grand Trunk Road made it a crucial link in the trade network connecting South Asia with Central Asia and beyond.

Jaunpur:

• Jaunpur, located in present-day Uttar Pradesh, was founded by Sultan Firuz Shah Tughlaq in the 14th century. It became a flourishing center of culture, learning, and trade during the Delhi Sultanate period.
• While Siri’s prominence declined by the time Jaunpur rose to prominence, the two cities likely had some level of interaction, especially in terms of trade and cultural exchange within the broader framework of the Delhi Sultanate.

Overall, Siri’s interactions with other contemporary cities were influenced by factors such as geography, politics, economics, and culture. These interactions contributed to the city’s prosperity and played a significant role in shaping its history and development within the larger context of medieval India.